Toothless European Citizenship

1. STATUS OF UNION CITIZENSHIP: HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE

1.1 Establishment of Union citizenship by Treaty of Maastricht

1.2 (Non-)Adjustment Brought up by Treaty of Amsterdam

1.3 From Ideals of Constitution for Europe to Treaty of Lisbon

1.4 Reins of Development Solely on Shoulders of Court of Justice

2. ESSENCE OF UNION CITIZENSHIP: GENUINE LINK OR DIRECT BOND

2.1 Factual Relation: Genuine Link

2.2 Legal Relation: Direct Bond

3. LEGAL CHARACTER OF UNION CITIZENSHIP: AUTONOMY?

3.1 Origin of Form-Status

3.2 Autonomy of Form-Status

4. LEGAL CHARACTER OF UNION CITIZENSHIP: NONVICARIOUSNESS?

4.1 Nonvicarious Rights Springing from ‘Non-Nation-State'

4.2 Nonvicarious Rights Springing from European Union